Do sugar gliders hate light

Do Sugar Gliders Need Lights At Night?

Generally speaking, Sugar Gliders do not need lights at night. A successful environment for a Sugar Glider includes having full daylight during the day and as little light as possible at night. The cage should also be in a location that is away from outside noises and other animals. You can usually buy what you need for a sugar glider including the food, treats, and accessories at your local pet store.

Why Do Sugar Gliders Need Light At Night?

It is important for sugar gliders to have lights during the night because sugar gliders are nocturnal creatures. Without light, they would not be able to see their way around and would potentially get injured.

Sugar Gliders need light at night because they are nocturnal animals and spend the majority of the day asleep. A successful environment for a Sugar Glider includes having full daylight during the day and as little light as possible at night.

What Are The Dangers Of Keeping Light On At Night?

Sugar Gliders are nocturnal animals and they need darkness to sleep during the day. Having too much light in their environment can prevent them from sleeping and this is stressful for an animal that needs eight hours of sleep every day.

Too much light in their environment can affect the health of your sugar glider. Its important to keep light at night to a low minimum. Youll probably be awake the entire night so its important to get at least a pair of sugar gliders. Sugar gliders are social animals that love the companionship of other sugar gliders.

How Can You Make Sure There Is No Light In Their Cage At Night?

1. Moving the cage into a room where there is minimal light or away from windows, doors, lamps, street lights, or other sources of light that can permeate the room.
2. You may want to install a dimmer switch on the lamp in the room where your gliders cage is located. The dimmer will allow you to adjust the lighting in the room so there is no light during sleeping hours for your sugar glider.
3. You can also use a blanket or dark sheet to cover the cage at night so your glider can sleep without being disturbed by any light.
4. Another option is to use a red bulb in the lamp that your cage is under. A red bulb emits very little if any visible light that would disturb the sleeping patterns of your sugar glider.
5. You can also get a sleep sack for your sugar glider that will make the environment surrounding them dark at night to ensure they are sleeping comfortably.
6. Another option is to use an eye mask when you go to bed at night so there wont be any disruptions during sleeping hours in the house.

How Much Light Should I Give My Sugar Glider Each Day?

A sugar glider should have at least two hours of exposure to daylight per day. The amount of light that you should give your sugar glider each day depends on the time of year. It should be approximately 12 hours in the summer and 8 hours in the winter. It is important to tailor the exposure to light depending on whether your sugar glider requires sunlight or not.

There are other considerations as well, such as how many lamps are illuminating your sugar gliders cage throughout the night. If you are using a regular lamp without a red bulb, then there shouldnt be any problem with using it throughout the night for an animal that doesnt require exposure to sunlight every day.

If you are using a regular lamp without a red bulb, then there shouldnt be any problem with using it throughout the night for an animal that doesnt require exposure to sunlight every day.

There should not be as much light as possible at night so as to ensure your sugar gliders are sleeping comfortably through the entire night. It is important they get eight hours of sleep each night so they are able to function well daily.

What Are The Benefits Of Giving Your Sugar Glider Light At Night?

The benefits of giving your sugar glider light at night are that it can help with their circadian rhythm. They are nocturnal animals, so having a light on in the evening could help them set their sleep-wake cycle. The sugar glider also benefits from more vitamin D intake, which is something they get from sunlight. Having a light on at night is recommended when you will not be awake to keep an eye on the sugar glider and its cage.

Standard benefits:

• Helps them set their sleep-wake cycle.
• More vitamin D intake.

Emotional benefits:

• Sugar gliders can be happy and healthy!

Do Sugar Gliders Need A Light On All The Time?

Light is necessary for any animal that is nocturnal, such as the sugar glider. A light bulb should be provided to the sugar glider at night hours and it should be changed every two to three months.

There are different types of lights and bulbs available and you can take a look at these and purchase what seems best to you. You should also take into account where your sugar glider lives and how much light they get during the day so this doesnt interfere with their sleeping patterns.

How To Manage Lights For Sugar Gliders?

Youll want to choose a lighting option with vertical coverage so that it can cover all areas of the cage. Lights with dusk to dawn options are recommended. If the light is bright enough, it can serve as a heat source for your pet, but be sure that the heat doesnt get too high in the cage. The other option is to choose a cage that has built-in heating elements.

Timers can help you keep your sugar gliders light on all night long when youre not home. A timer will automatically switch the light on and off at certain times, eliminating the need for you to do it manually.

Things To Consider Before Purchasing A lamp For Sugar Glider

• The cost of the lamp
• The size of your pet
• The type of lighting you want to create.

FAQs

What Should I Look For When Buying A Light For My Sugar Gliders Cage?

Youll want to choose a lighting option with vertical coverage so that it can cover all areas of the cage. Lights with dusk to dawn options are recommended. If the light is bright enough, it can serve as a heat source for your pet, but be sure that the heat doesnt get too high in the cage. The other option is to choose a cage that has built-in heating elements.

How Should I Use The Light In My Sugar Gliders Habitat?

You should turn on the light in the evening so your pet can fully adjust to its sleeping schedule before you go to bed. You will then want to make sure that you wake up at the same time every morning, whether it is to feed your sugar glider or let it out of its cage.

How Long Should I Leave The Light In My Pets Habitat?

You can leave the light on for 12 hours in a 24 hour period. You should turn the light off at night while you are sleeping so that your pet can adjust to a natural sleep schedule.

How Often Should I Change My Sugar Gliders Nighttime Light Bulb?

Sugar Gliders need to have their nighttime light bulb changed every two to three months. This is because the light bulb will lose its strength over time. If you notice that your pet seems uncomfortable during the night, then this could be a sign that the light is too dim. You should increase the wattage of the light if this happens. Be sure to monitor your sugar gliders behavior and adjust as needed.

How Can I Make Sure My Sugar Gliders Light Stays On?

Keeping your sugar gliders light on can be difficult when you are not around to monitor it. One option is to purchase a timer for the light. These timers will automatically switch the light on and off at certain times, which means that it requires no effort from you once it is set up.

How To Provide Proper Lighting For Your Sugar Glider?

One of the most important aspects of both a sugar gliders health and happiness is the provision of appropriate lighting. Sugar gliders need to have their nighttime light bulb changed every two to three months. This is because the light bulb will lose its strength over time.

If you notice that your pet seems uncomfortable during the night, then this could be a sign that the light is too dim. You should increase the wattage of the light if this happens. Be sure to monitor your sugar gliders behavior and adjust as needed.

Conclusion

Sugar gliders are nocturnal animals, meaning they sleep most of the day and come out at night. They need light during the nighttime to help them regulate their circadian rhythm (the natural 24-hour cycle that affects many bodily functions) as well as see where theyre going.

Providing your sugar glider with exposure to artificial or natural light can be beneficial for both mental health and physical health. Be sure you provide enough lighting in order for your pet to thrive!

Sugar glider

Species of Australian marsupial

The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small, omnivorous, arboreal, and nocturnal gliding possum. The common name refers to its predilection for sugary foods such as sap and nectar and its ability to glide through the air, much like a flying squirrel.^[8] They have very similar habits and appearance to the flying squirrel, despite not being closely relatedan example of convergent evolution.^[9] The scientific name, Petaurus breviceps, translates from Latin as "short-headed rope-dancer", a reference to their canopy acrobatics.^[10]

The sugar glider is characterised by its pair of gliding membranes, known as patagia, which extend from its forelegs to its hindlegs.^[11] Gliding serves as an efficient means of reaching food and evading predators.^[8] The animal is covered in soft, pale grey to light brown fur which is countershaded, being lighter in colour on its underside.

The sugar glider, as strictly defined in a recent analysis, is only native to a small portion of southeastern Australia, corresponding to southern Queensland and most of New South Wales east of the Great Dividing Range; the extended species group, including populations which may or may not belong to P. breviceps, occupies a larger range covering much of coastal eastern and northern Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands.^[4][5] Members of Petaurus are popular exotic pets; these pet animals are also frequently referred to as "sugar gliders", but recent research indicates, at least for American pets, that they are not P. breviceps but a closely related species, ultimately originating from a single source near Sorong in West Papua.^[12] This would possibly make them members of the Krefft's glider (P. notatus), but the taxonomy of Papuan Petaurus populations is still poorly resolved.^[13]

Taxonomy and evolution

The genus Petaurus is believed to have originated in New Guinea during the mid Miocene epoch, approximately 18 to 24 million years ago. The modern Australian Petaurus, along with New Guinean members of what were formerly considered P. breviceps, diverged from their closest living New Guinean relatives ~9-12 mya. They probably dispersed from New Guinea to Australia between 4.8 and ~8.4 mya, with the oldest Petaurus fossils in Australia being dated to 4.46 million years.^[14] This may have been possible due to sea level lowering from about 7 to 10 mya, resulting in land bridges between New Guinea and Australia.

The taxonomy of the species is complex, and is still not fully resolved. It was formerly understood to have a wide range across Australia and New Guinea, being the only glider to have this distribution, and to be divided into seven subspecies, with three occurring in Australia and four in New Guinea.^[15] This traditional subspecific division was based on small morphological differences, such as colour and body size.^[14] However, a 2010 genetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA indicates that these morphologically-defined subspecies may not represent genetically unique populations.^[15]

Further studies have found significant genetic variation within populations traditionally classified in P. breviceps, sufficient to warrant splitting the species into multiple. The subspecies P. b. biacensis, from Biak Island off of New Guinea, was reclassified as a separate species, the Biak glider (Petaurus biacensis).^{[note 5]} In 2020, a landmark study suggested that P. breviceps actually comprised three cryptic species: the Krefft's glider (Petaurus notatus), found throughout most of eastern Australia and introduced to Tasmania, the savanna glider (Petaurus ariel), native to northern Australia, and a more narrowly defined P. breviceps, restricted to a small section of coastal forest in southern Queensland and most of New South Wales. In addition, other sugar glider populations throughout this range (such as those on New Guinea and the Cape York Peninsula) may represent undescribed species or be conspecific with previously described species. This indicates that contrary to previous findings of a large range (which in fact applied to P. notatus and, to a lesser extent, to P. ariel), P. breviceps is a range-restricted species that is sensitive to ecological disasters, such as the 2019-20 Australian bushfires, which significantly affected large portions of its habitat.^[4][5][16]

P. breviceps and P. notatus are estimated to have diverged ~1 million years ago, and may have originated from long term geographic isolation. The early-mid Pleistocene saw an uplifting of the Great Dividing Range, contributing to and coinciding with aridification of the interior of Australia, including on the western side of the range.^[15] This, as well as other climactic and geographic factors, may have isolated the ancestors of P. breviceps to refugia on the eastern, coastal side of the Great Dividing Range.^[4] This would be an example of allopatric speciation.

Distribution and habitat

Sugar gliders are distributed in the coastal forests of southeastern Queensland and most of New South Wales. Their distribution extends to altitudes of 2000m in the eastern ranges. In parts of its range, it may overlap with Krefft's glider (P. notatus).^[5][17]

The sugar glider occurs in sympatry with the squirrel glider and yellow-bellied glider; and their coexistence is permitted through niche partitioning where each species has different patterns of resource use.^[18]

Like all arboreal, nocturnal marsupials, sugar gliders are active at night, and they shelter during the day in tree hollows lined with leafy twigs.^[19]

The average home range of sugar gliders is 0.5 hectares (1.2 acres), and is largely related to the abundance of food sources;^[20] density ranges from two to six individuals per hectare (0.82.4 per acre).

Native owls (Ninox sp.)^[17] are their primary predators; others in their range include kookaburras, goannas, snakes, and quolls.^[21] Feral cats (Felis catus) also represent a significant threat.^[17][21]

Appearance and anatomy

The sugar glider has a squirrel-like body with a long, partially (weakly)^[22] prehensile tail. The length from the nose to the tip of the tail is about 2430cm (912in), and males and females weigh 140 and 115 grams (5 and 4oz) respectively.^[23] Heart rate range is 200300 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 1640 breaths per minute.^[24] The sugar glider is a sexually dimorphic species, with males typically larger than females. Sexual dimorphism has likely evolved due to increased mate competition arising through social group structure; and is more pronounced in regions of higher latitude, where mate competition is greater due to increased food availability.^[25]

The fur coat on the sugar glider is thick, soft, and is usually blue-grey; although some have been known to be yellow, tan or (rarely) albino.^[a] A black stripe is seen from its nose to midway on its back. Its belly, throat, and chest are cream in colour. Males have four scent glands, located on the forehead, chest, and two paracloacal (associated with, but not part of the cloaca, which is the common opening for the intestinal, urinal and genital tracts) that are used for marking of group members and territory.^[17] Scent glands on the head and chest of males appear as bald spots. Females also have a paracloacal scent gland and a scent gland in the pouch, but do not have scent glands on the chest or forehead.^[17]

The sugar glider is nocturnal; its large eyes help it to see at night and its ears swivel to help locate prey in the dark. The eyes are set far apart, allowing more precise triangulation from launching to landing locations while gliding.^[26]

Each foot on the sugar glider has five digits, with an opposable toe on each hind foot. These opposable toes are clawless, and bend such that they can touch all the other digits, like a human thumb, allowing it to firmly grasp branches. The second and third digits of the hind foot are partially syndactylous (fused together), forming a grooming comb.^[22] The fourth digit of the forefoot is sharp and elongated, aiding in extraction of insects under the bark of trees.^[17]

The gliding membrane extends from the outside of the fifth digit of each forefoot to the first digit of each hind foot. When the legs are stretched out, this membrane allows the sugar glider to glide a considerable distance. The membrane is supported by well developed tibiocarpalis, humerodorsalis and tibioabdominalis muscles, and its movement is controlled by these supporting muscles in conjunction with trunk, limb and tail movement.^[11]

Lifespan in the wild is up to 9 years; is typically up to 12 years in captivity,^[10] and the maximum reported lifespan is 17.8 years.^[27]

Biology and behaviour

Gliding

The sugar glider is one of a number of volplane (gliding) possums in Australia. It glides with the fore- and hind-limbs extended at right angles to the body, with feet flexed upwards.^[26] The animal launches itself from a tree, spreading its limbs to expose the gliding membranes. This creates an aerofoil enabling it to glide 50 metres (55 yards) or more.^[28] For every 1.82m (6ft 0in) travelled horizontally when gliding, it falls 1m (3ft 3in).^[26] Steering is controlled by moving limbs and adjusting the tension of the gliding membrane; for example, to turn left, the left forearm is lowered below the right.^[26]

This form of arboreal locomotion is typically used to travel from tree to tree; the species rarely descends to the ground. Gliding provides three dimensional avoidance of arboreal predators, and minimal contact with ground dwelling predators; as well as possible benefits in decreasing time and energy consumption^[29] spent foraging for nutrient poor foods that are irregularly distributed.^[30] Young carried in the pouch of females are protected from landing forces by the septum that separates them within the pouch.^[26]

Torpor

Sugar gliders can tolerate ambient air temperatures of up to 40C (104F) through behavioural strategies such as licking their coat and exposing the wet area, as well as drinking small quantities of water.^[17]In cold weather, sugar gliders will huddle together to avoid heat loss, and will enter torpor to conserve energy.^[31] Huddling as an energy conserving mechanism is not as efficient as torpor.^[31] Before entering torpor, a sugar glider will reduce activity and body temperature normally in order to lower energy expenditure and avoid torpor.^[32][33] With energetic constraints, the sugar glider will enter into daily torpor for 223 hours while in rest phase.^[31] Torpor differs from hibernation in that torpor is usually a short-term daily cycle. Entering torpor saves energy for the animal by allowing its body temperature to fall to a minimum of 10.4C (50.7F)^[31] to 19.6C (67.3F).^[34] When food is scarce, as in winter, heat production is lowered in order to reduce energy expenditure.^[35] With low energy and heat production, it is important for the sugar glider to peak its body mass by fat content in the autumn (May/June) in order to survive the following cold season. In the wild, sugar gliders enter into daily torpor more often than sugar gliders in captivity.^[33][34] The use of torpor is most frequent during winter, likely in response to low ambient temperature, rainfall, and seasonal fluctuation in food sources.^[31]

Diet and nutrition

Sugar gliders are seasonally adaptive omnivores with a wide variety of foods in their diet, and mainly forage in the lower layers of the forest canopy.^[18][36] Sugar gliders may obtain up to half their daily water intake through drinking rainwater, with the remainder obtained through water held in its food.^[29] In summer they are primarily insectivorous, and in the winter when insects (and other arthropods) are scarce, they are mostly exudativorous (feeding on acacia gum, eucalyptus sap, manna,^[b] honeydew or lerp).^[40] Sugar gliders have an enlarged caecum to assist in digestion of complex carbohydrates obtained from gum and sap.^[41]

To obtain sap or gum from plants, sugar gliders will strip the bark off trees or open bore holes with their teeth to access stored liquid.^[36] Little time is spent foraging for insects, as it is an energetically expensive process, and sugar gliders will wait until insects fly into their habitat, or stop to feed on flowers.^[36]Gliders consume approximately 11 g of dry food matter per day.^[29] This equates to roughly 8% and 9.5% of body weight for males and females, respectively.

They are opportunistic feeders and can be carnivorous, preying mostly on lizards and small birds. They eat many other foods when available, such as nectar, acacia seeds, bird eggs, pollen, fungi and native fruits.^[42][43] Pollen can make up a large portion of their diet, therefore sugar gliders are likely to be important pollinators of Banksia species.^[44]

Reproduction

Like most marsupials, female sugar gliders have two ovaries and two uteri; they are polyestrous, meaning they can go into heat several times a year.^[20] The female has a marsupium (pouch) in the middle of her abdomen to carry offspring.^[22] The pouch opens anteriorly, and two lateral pockets extend posteriorly when young are present. Four nipples are usually present in the pouch, although reports of individuals with two nipples have been recorded.^[17] Male sugar gliders have a bifurcated penis to correspond with the two uteri of females.^[45]

The age of sexual maturity in sugar gliders varies slightly between the males and females. Males reach maturity at 4 to 12 months of age, while females require from 8 to 12 months. In the wild, sugar gliders breed once or twice a year depending on the climate and habitat conditions, while they can breed multiple times a year in captivity as a result of consistent living conditions and proper diet.^[22]

A sugar glider female gives birth to one (19%) or two (81%) babies (joeys) per litter.^[20] The gestation period is 15 to 17 days, after which the tiny joey 0.2g (0.0071oz) will crawl into a mother's pouch for further development. They are born largely undeveloped and furless, with only the sense of smell being developed. The mother has a scent gland in the external marsupium to attract the sightless joeys from the uterus.^[46] Joeys have a continuous arch of cartilage in their shoulder girdle which disappears soon after birth; this supports the forelimbs, assisting the climb into the pouch.^[47] Young are completely contained in the pouch for 60 days after birth, wherein mammae provide nourishment during the remainder of development.^[46] Eyes first open around 80 days after birth, and young will leave the nest around 110 days after birth.^[17] By the time young are weaned, the thermoregulatory system is developed, and in conjunction with a large body size and thicker fur, they are able to regulate their own body temperature.^[48]

Breeding is seasonal in southeast Australia, with young only born in winter and spring (June to November).^[20] Unlike animals that move along the ground, the sugar glider and other gliding species produce fewer, but heavier, offspring per litter. This allows female sugar gliders to retain the ability to glide when pregnant.^[49]

Socialisation

Sugar gliders are highly social animals. They live in family groups or colonies consisting of up to seven adults, plus the current season's young. Up to four age classes may exist within each group, although some sugar gliders are solitary, not belonging to a group.^[20] They engage in social grooming, which in addition to improving hygiene and health, helps bond the colony and establish group identity.

Within social communities, there are two codominant males who suppress subordinate males, but show no aggression towards each other. These co-dominant pairs are more related to each other than to subordinates within the group; and share food, nests, mates, and responsibility for scent marking of community members and territories.^[50]

Territory and members of the group are marked with saliva and a scent produced by separate glands on the forehead and chest of male gliders. Intruders who lack the appropriate scent marking are expelled violently.^[8] Rank is established through scent marking; and fighting does not occur within groups, but does occur when communities come into contact with each other.^[17] Within the colony, no fighting typically takes place beyond threatening behaviour.^[51] Each colony defends a territory of about 1 hectare (2.5 acres) where eucalyptus trees provide a staple food source.^{[citation needed]}

Sugar gliders are one of the few species of mammals that exhibit male parental care.^[52] The oldest codominant male in a social community shows a high level of parental care, as he is the probable father of any offspring due to his social status.This paternal care evolved in sugar gliders as young are more likely to survive when parental investment is provided by both parents.^[52] In the sugar glider, biparental care allows one adult to huddle with the young and prevent hypothermia while the other parent is out foraging, as young sugar gliders aren't able to thermoregulate until they are 100 days old (3.5 months).^[52]

Communication in sugar gliders is achieved through vocalisations, visual signals and complex chemical odours.^[17] Chemical odours account for a large part of communication in sugar gliders, similar to many other nocturnal animals. Odours may be used to mark territory, convey health status of an individual, and mark rank of community members. Gliders produce a number of vocalisations including barking and hissing.^{[citation needed]}

Human relations

Conservation

Under the prior taxonomy, the sugar glider was not considered endangered, and its conservation rank was "Least Concern (LC)" on the IUCN Red List.^[2] However, with newer taxonomic studies indicating that it has a small and restricted range, it is now thought to be far more sensitive to potential threats. For example, the species' native range was hit hard by the 2019-20 Australian bushfires, which occurred just a few months prior to the publishing of the study indicating the true extent of its range. Sugar gliders use tree hollows, making them especially sensitive to intense fires.^[53] However, despite the loss of natural habitat in Australia over the last 200 years, it is adaptable and capable of living in small patches of remnant bush, particularly if it does not have to cross large expanses of cleared land to reach them. Sugar gliders may persist in areas that have undergone mild-moderate selective logging, as long as three to five hollow bearing trees are retained per hectare.^[54] Although not currently threatened by habitat loss, the ability of sugar gliders to forage and avoid predators successfully may be decreased in areas of high light pollution.^[55]

Conservation in Australia is enacted at the federal, state and local levels, where sugar gliders are protected as a native species. The central conservation law in Australia is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).^[56] The National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 is an example of conservation law in the state of South Australia, where it is legal to keep (only) one sugar glider without a permit, provided it was acquired legally from a source with a permit. A permit is required to obtain or possess more than one glider, or if one wants to sell or give away any glider in their possession. It is illegal to capture or sell wild sugar gliders without a permit.^[57]

In captivity

In captivity, the sugar glider can suffer from calcium deficiencies if not fed an adequate diet. A lack of calcium in the diet causes the body to leach calcium from the bones, with the hind legs first to show noticeable dysfunction.^[58] Calcium to phosphorus ratios should be 2:1 to prevent hypocalcemia, sometimes known as hind leg paralysis (HLP).^[59] Their diet should be 50% insects (gut-loaded) or other sources of protein, 25% fruit and 25% vegetables.^[60] Some of the more recognised diets are Bourbon's Modified Leadbeaters (BML),^[61] High Protein Wombaroo (HPW)^[62] and various calcium rich diets with Leadbeaters Mixture (LBM).^[63] Iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) is another dietary problem that has been reported in captive gliders and can lead to fatal complications if not diagnosed and treated early.^[64]

A large amount of attention and environmental enrichment may be required for the highly social species, especially for those kept as individuals. Inadequate social interaction can lead to depression and behavioural disorders such as loss of appetite, irritability and self-mutilation.^[65]

As a pet

In several countries, the sugar glider (or what was formerly considered to be the sugar glider) is popular as an exotic pet, and is sometimes referred to as a pocket pet. In Australia, there is opposition to keeping native animals as pets from Australia's largest wildlife rehabilitation organisation (WIRES),^[66] and concerns from Australian wildlife conservation organisations regarding animal welfare risks including neglect, cruelty and abandonment.^[67]

In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia, and the Northern Territory. However, they are not allowed to be kept as pets in Western Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland or Tasmania.^[68][69]

DNA analysis indicates that "the USA (sugar) glider population originates from West Papua, Indonesia with no illegal harvesting from other native areas such as Papua New Guinea or Australia".^[12] Given that the West Papuan gliders have been tentatively classified as Krefft's gliders (albeit to be changed in the future),^[13] this indicates that at least the captive gliders kept in the United States are Krefft's gliders, not sugar gliders.

Notes

Species notes

1. ^ Range in red now thought to largely represent a separate species, Krefft's glider (P. notatus); if this is true, P. breviceps (sensu stricto) occupies only a small coastal region of this range, containing parts of southern Queensland and eastern New South Wales. Range in blue now thought to possibly represent multiple non-P. breviceps species, including Krefft's glider (P. notatus), the mahogany glider (P. gracilis), and/or a species complex associated with P. gracilis.^[4][5]
2. ^ It has been recently suggested that P. b. ariel be treated as a separate species, the savanna glider (P. ariel)^[5]
3. ^ P. b. flavidus (Tate and Archbold, 1935) considered a synonym of P. b. papuanus (Thomas 1888)
4. ^ Tate & Archbold, 1935; subspecies P. b. tafa considered a synonym of species P. breviceps^[6]
5. ^ ^{a b} Subspecies (former) P. b. biacensis provisionally considered species: P. biacensis (Biak glider). "Helgen (2007) states that Petaurus biacensis is likely to be conspecific with P. breviceps. P. biacensis appears to differ from the latter mainly by having a higher incidence of melanism (Helgen 2007). We provisionally retain P. biacensis as a separate species pending further taxonomic work, thus following what has become standard treatment (e.g., Flannery 1994, 1995; Groves 2005)."^[2]

References

1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.55. ISBN0-801-88221-4. OCLC62265494.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Salas, L.; Dickman, C.; Helgen, K.; Winter, J.; Ellis, M.; Denny, M.; Woinarski, J.; Lunney, D.; Oakwood, M.; Menkhorst, P. & Strahan, R. (2016). "Petaurus breviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16731A21959798. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16731A21959798.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
3. ^ Waterhouse, G. R. (1838). "Observations on certain modifications observed in the dentition of the Flying Opossums (the genus Petaurus of authors)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 4: 149153. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1838.tb01419.x.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} "Petaurus breviceps Waterhouse, 1839". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Cremona, Teigan; Baker, Andrew M; Cooper, Steven J B; Montague-Drake, Rebecca; Stobo-Wilson, Alyson M; Carthew, Susan M (13 July 2020). "Integrative taxonomic investigation of Petaurus breviceps (Marsupialia: Petauridae) reveals three distinct species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (2): 503527. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa060. ISSN0024-4082.
6. ^ Subspecies Sheet | Mammals'Planet Archived 18 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Planet-mammiferes.org. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
7. ^ Troughton, Ellis (1945). "Diagnoses of New rare mammals from the South-West Pacific". Records of the Australian Museum. 21 (6): 373374. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.21.1945.551.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "DPIW - Sugar Glider". 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012.
9. ^ "Analogy: Squirrels and Sugar Gliders". Understanding Evolution. The University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
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General bibliography

• Morcombe, Michael; Morcombe, Irene (1974). Mammals of Australia. Sydney: Australian Universities Press. ISBN0-7249-0017-9.
• Ride, W. D. L. (1970). A guide to the native mammals of Australia. Ella Fry (drawings). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN0195502523.
• Russel, Rupert (1980). Spotlight on possums. Kay Russel (illustrations). Queensland, St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. ISBN0-7022-1478-7.
• Serventy, Vincent (1977). Wildlife of Australia (Rev.ed.). West Melbourne, Vic.: Thomas Nelson (Australia). ISBN0-17-005168-4.
• Troughton, Ellis (1973). Furred animals of Australia. Neville W. Cayley (colour plates) (Rev. and abridgeded.). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN0-207-12256-3.
• Van den Beld, John (1992). of Australia: a portrait of the island continent (Reviseded.). Sydney: Collins Australia. ISBN0-7333-0241-6.
• Westmacott, Leonard Cronin (1991). Key guide to Australian mammals. Illustrated by Marion. Balgowlah, NSW: Reed Books. ISBN0-7301-0355-2.

External links